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Italian Grammar Lessons: Uses Of The Past Participle

To review, you form the past participle of a verb by adding the appropriate suffix:

– verbs ending in -are take -ato
– verbs ending in -ere take -uto
– verbs ending in -ire take -ito

For example:

mangiare – mangiato [to eat]
saltare – saltato [to jump]
comprare – comprato [to buy]

mantenere – mantenuto [to keep]
cadere – caduto [to fall]
avere – avuto [to have]

agire – agito [to act]
ferire – ferito [to hurt]
stordire – stordito [to stun]

There are plenty of irregular past participle forms, of course. Here are some of the most common:

leggere – letto [to read]
fare – fatto [to do]
vedere – visto [to see]
morire – morto [to die]
vivere – vissuto [to live]
mordere – morso [to bite]
cuocere – cotto [to cook]
mettere – messo [to put]
togliere – tolto [to remove]
correre – corso [to run]
cogliere – colto [to pick]
dividere – diviso [to divide]
scegliere – scelto [to choose]
scrivere – scritto [to write]

Note that many past participle can be used as adjectives i.e. ‘morto’, ‘cotto’, and ‘scelto’.

And that when there is a past participle with a direct object, the ending of the past participle must be feminine or masculine according to the gender and singular/plural nature of the direct object. For example:

Mangiate le mele, ho ripreso a studiare.
Comprato il regalo di compleanno, l’ho subito incartato.
Vista una stella cadente, ho espresso un desiderio.

In contrast, with an intransitive verb (one with no object) the ending of the past participle would instead agree with the subject. For example:

Arrivate a casa, le due ragazze hanno cucinato un delizioso pranzo per gli ospiti.
Corsi a scuola, gli studenti sono entrati prima dell’inizio della lezione.

The past participle can have various functions:

1. Causal function (meaning ‘siccome’)

Preoccupata per l’esame, Maria ha studiato per una settimana intera.

2. Temporal function (answering the question ‘quando?’)

Fatta la colazione, è corso a scuola.

3. Concessive function (meaning ‘anche se’)

Conosciuta l’intera classe, continuava ad essere in imbarazzo.

4. Relative function

Gli studenti laureati stanno ancora cercando lavoro.

5. Hypothetical function (meaning ‘se’)

Mangiata fredda, la pasta non è buona.

Back to Italian lesson on: past participle

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